Abtract
Ana ɗaukar batir lithium-ion (LIBs) ɗaya daga cikin mahimman fasahar ajiyar makamashi.Yayin da ƙarfin ƙarfin baturi ke ƙaruwa, amincin baturi yana ƙara zama mai mahimmanci idan an saki makamashin ba da gangan ba.Hatsari da ke da alaƙa da gobara da fashewar LIBs na faruwa akai-akai a duniya.Wasu sun haifar da mummunar barazana ga rayuwar ɗan adam da lafiyar ɗan adam kuma sun haifar da tunawa da samfura da yawa daga masana'antun.Waɗannan al'amuran tunatarwa ne cewa aminci shine abin da ake buƙata don batura, kuma ana buƙatar warware manyan batutuwa kafin aikace-aikacen tsarin baturi mai ƙarfi na gaba.Wannan Bita yana nufin taƙaita tushen tushen lamuran aminci na LIB da kuma nuna babban ci gaba na kwanan nan a ƙirar kayan don haɓaka amincin LIB.Muna sa ran cewa wannan Bita za ta ƙara ƙarfafa amincin baturi, musamman ga LIBs masu tasowa tare da yawan kuzari.
ASALIN BATUN TSARO LIB
Na'urar lantarki ta kwayoyin halitta a cikin LIBs tana ƙonewa ta zahiri.Ɗayan mafi girman bala'i na gazawar tsarin LIB shine yanayin gudu na zafin rana, wanda ake la'akari da babban dalilin damuwar amincin baturi.Gabaɗaya, runaway thermal yana faruwa lokacin da abin da ya faru na exothermic ya fita daga sarrafawa.Yayin da zafin baturin ya tashi zuwa sama da ~80°C, ƙimar halayen sinadaran exothermic a cikin batura yana ƙaruwa kuma yana ƙara dumama tantanin halitta, yana haifar da ingantaccen sake zagayowar amsawa.Ci gaba da haɓaka yanayin zafi na iya haifar da gobara da fashe-fashe, musamman ga manyan fakitin baturi.Sabili da haka, fahimtar dalilai da matakai na gudun hijira na thermal zai iya jagorantar ƙirar kayan aiki don inganta aminci da amincin LIBs.Ana iya raba tsarin gudu na thermal zuwa matakai uku, kamar yadda aka taƙaita a cikiHoto 1.
Hoto 1 Matakai uku don tsarin gudu na thermal.
Mataki na 1: Farkon zafi mai zafi.Batura suna canzawa daga al'ada zuwa yanayi mara kyau, kuma zafin jiki na ciki ya fara karuwa.Mataki na 2: Tarin zafi da tsarin sakin gas.Zazzabi na ciki yana ƙaruwa da sauri, kuma baturin yana fuskantar halayen haɓaka.Mataki na 3: Konewa da fashewa.Electrolyte mai iya ƙonewa yana ƙonewa, yana haifar da gobara har ma da fashewa.
Farkon overheating (mataki na 1)
Gudun gudu na thermal yana farawa daga zazzafar tsarin baturi.Zafin farko na iya faruwa a sakamakon cajin baturi fiye da ƙirƙira ƙarfin lantarki (yawan caja), daɗaɗɗen yanayin zafi mai yawa, gajerun da'irar waje saboda kuskuren wayoyi, ko gajerun da'irori na ciki saboda lahani.Daga cikin su, gajeriyar ciki shine babban dalilin guduwar thermal kuma yana da wuyar sarrafawa.Gajeren ciki na iya faruwa a cikin yanayi na murkushe tantanin halitta kamar shigar tarkacen ƙarfe na waje;karon abin hawa;samuwar lithium dendrite a ƙarƙashin babban caji mai yawa na halin yanzu, ƙarƙashin yanayin caji ko a ƙananan yanayin zafi;da ɓangarorin da aka ƙirƙira yayin haɗa baturi, don sunaye kaɗan.Misali, a farkon Oktoban 2013, motar Tesla kusa da Seattle ta bugi tarkacen karfe wanda ya huda garkuwa da fakitin baturi.Barasa ya shiga cikin masu rarraba polymer kuma ya haɗa kai tsaye da cathode da anode, yana haifar da baturi zuwa gajeren lokaci kuma ya kama wuta;a cikin 2016, da Samsung Note 7 baturi gobara sun kasance saboda m ultrathin SEPARATOR da aka sauƙi lalace ta waje matsa lamba ko waldi burrs a kan tabbatacce electrode, haddasa baturi zuwa short-kewaye .
A lokacin mataki na 1, aikin baturi yana canzawa daga al'ada zuwa yanayi mara kyau, kuma duk abubuwan da aka lissafa a sama zasu sa baturin yayi zafi sosai.Lokacin da zafin jiki na ciki ya fara karuwa, mataki na 1 ya ƙare kuma mataki na 2 ya fara.
Tarin zafi da tsarin sakin gas (mataki na 2)
Yayin da mataki na 2 ya fara, zafin jiki na ciki yana tashi da sauri, kuma baturin yana fuskantar halayen masu zuwa (waɗannan halayen ba su faruwa cikin ainihin tsari da aka bayar, wasu daga cikinsu na iya faruwa a lokaci ɗaya):
(1) m electrolyte interphase (SEI) bazuwar saboda wuce gona da iri ko shigar jiki.Layer SEI galibi ya ƙunshi barga (kamar LiF da Li2CO3) da abubuwan haɓakawa [kamar polymers, ROCO2Li, (CH2OCO2Li) 2, da ROLi].Duk da haka, abubuwan da za a iya daidaita su na iya bazuwa sosai a kusan> 90 ° C, suna fitar da iskar gas da oxygen.Dauki (CH2OCO2Li) 2 a matsayin misali
(CH2OCO2Li)2→Li2CO3+C2H4+CO2+0.5O2
(2) Tare da bazuwar SEI, yawan zafin jiki yana haɓaka, kuma ƙarfe na lithium ko lithium mai tsaka-tsaki a cikin anode zai amsa tare da kaushi na kwayoyin halitta a cikin electrolyte, yana fitar da iskar gas mai flammable (ethane, methane, da sauransu).Wannan wani motsi ne na exothermic wanda ke motsa yawan zafin jiki sama.
(3) LokacinT> ~ 130 ° C, mai rarraba polyethylene (PE) / polypropylene (PP) ya fara narkewa, wanda ya kara lalata yanayin kuma yana haifar da gajeren lokaci tsakanin cathode da anode.
(4) Daga ƙarshe, zafi yana haifar da bazuwar kayan aikin lithium karfe oxide cathode kuma yana haifar da sakin iskar oxygen.Dauki LiCoO2 a matsayin misali, wanda zai iya rubewa daga ~180°C kamar haka
Rushewar cathode kuma yana da matuƙar exothermic, yana ƙara yawan zafin jiki da matsa lamba kuma, sakamakon haka, yana ƙara haɓaka halayen.
A lokacin mataki na 2, zafin jiki yana ƙaruwa kuma iskar oxygen ta taru a cikin batura.Tsarin runaway thermal yana gudana daga mataki na 2 zuwa mataki na 3 da zaran isassun iskar oxygen da zafi sun taru don konewar baturi.
Konewa da fashewa (mataki na 3)
A mataki na 3, konewa yana farawa.Electrolytes na LIBs sune kwayoyin halitta, waɗanda kusan haɗuwa ne na cyclic carbonates da alkyl na layi.Suna da babban juzu'i kuma suna da ƙonewa sosai.Ɗaukar abin da aka fi amfani da shi na carbonate electrolyte [cakudar ethylene carbonate (EC) + dimethyl carbonate (DMC) (1: 1 ta nauyi)] a matsayin misali, yana nuna matsa lamba na 4.8 kPa a dakin da zafin jiki da kuma ƙarancin haske. na 25° ± 1°C a matsa lamba na iska na mashaya 1.013.Oxygen da aka saki da zafi a mataki na 2 suna ba da yanayin da ake buƙata don konewar ƙwayoyin lantarki masu ƙonewa, ta haka haifar da haɗari na wuta ko fashewa.
A cikin matakai 2 da 3, halayen exothermic suna faruwa a ƙarƙashin yanayin adiabatic na kusa.Don haka, accelerated rate calorimetry (ARC) wata dabara ce da aka yi amfani da ita sosai wacce ke kwaikwayi yanayi a cikin LIBs, wanda ke sauƙaƙe fahimtar mu game da motsin motsin yanayin zafi.Hoto 2yana nuna nau'in ARC na yau da kullun na LIB da aka rubuta yayin gwaje-gwajen zagi na thermal.Yin kwaikwayon yanayin zafi yana ƙaruwa a mataki na 2, tushen zafi na waje yana ƙara zafin baturi zuwa zafin farko.Sama da wannan zafin jiki, SEI ya rushe, wanda zai haifar da ƙarin halayen halayen haɗari.A ƙarshe, mai rarraba zai narke.Adadin dumama kai zai karu daga baya, yana haifar da guduwar thermal (lokacin da yawan zafin jiki ya kasance> 10 ° C / min) da konewar lantarki (mataki 3).
A anode ne mesocarbon microbead graphite.Kathode shine LiNi0.8Co0.05Al0.05O2.Electrolyte shine 1.2M LiPF6 a cikin EC/PC/DMC.An yi amfani da mai raba trilayer na Celgard 2325.An daidaita shi tare da izini daga Electrochemical Society Inc.
Ya kamata a lura cewa halayen da aka kwatanta a sama ba su faru da yawa ɗaya bayan ɗaya a cikin tsari da aka bayar.Su ne, a maimakon haka, al'amura masu rikitarwa da tsari.
KAYANA MAI INGANTACCEN TSIRAYIN BATIRI
Dangane da fahimtar guduwar batir mai zafi, ana nazarin hanyoyi da yawa, tare da manufar rage haɗarin aminci ta hanyar ƙira na abubuwan haɗin baturi.A cikin ɓangarorin da ke gaba, mun taƙaita hanyoyin kayan aiki daban-daban don inganta amincin baturi, magance matsalolin da suka dace da matakan gudu na zafi daban-daban.
Don magance matsalolin a mataki na 1 (farkon zafi mai zafi)
Amintattun kayan anode.Samuwar Li dendrite akan anode na LIB yana farawa matakin farko na guduwar thermal.Kodayake an rage wannan batun a cikin anodes na LIBs na kasuwanci (misali, anodes na carbonaceous), ba a hana samuwar Li dendrite gaba ɗaya ba.Alal misali, a cikin LIBs na kasuwanci, ƙaddamar da dendrite yana faruwa ne musamman a gefuna na lantarki na graphite idan anodes da cathodes ba su da kyau.Bugu da ƙari, yanayin aiki mara kyau na LIBs kuma zai iya haifar da jigon ƙarfe na Li tare da haɓakar dendrite.An san cewa dendrite za a iya samuwa da sauƙi idan an caja baturi (i) a babban adadin halin yanzu inda jigon Li karfe ya fi sauri fiye da yaduwar Li ions a cikin babban graphite;(ii) ƙarƙashin yanayin caji mai yawa lokacin da graphite ya wuce gona da iri;da (iii) a ƙananan yanayin zafi [alal misali, zafin jiki na ƙasa (~ 0 ° C)], saboda ƙarar danko na electrolyte na ruwa da haɓaka juriya na Li-ion.
Daga ra'ayi na kayan kaddarorin, tushen tushen kayyade farkon Li dendrite girma a kan anode ne m da nonuniform SEI, wanda ya haifar da m gida halin yanzu rarraba .An bincika abubuwan da aka haɗa na Electrolyte, musamman abubuwan ƙari, don inganta daidaituwar SEI da kawar da samuwar Li dendrite.Abubuwan da ake buƙata na yau da kullun sun haɗa da mahaɗan inorganic [alal misali, CO2, LiI, da dai sauransu] da kuma abubuwan da ke tattare da ƙwayoyin carbon da ba su da tushe kamar vinylene carbonate da maleimide additives;ƙananan ƙwayoyin cyclic marasa ƙarfi kamar butyrolactone, ethylene sulfite, da abubuwan da suka samo asali;da mahadi masu fluorinated irin su fluoroethylene carbonate, da sauransu.Ko da a matakin sassa-da-miliyan, waɗannan kwayoyin suna iya inganta yanayin ilimin halittar jiki na SEI, don haka suna daidaita yanayin Li-ion da kuma kawar da yiwuwar samuwar Li dendrite.
Gabaɗaya, ƙalubalen Li dendrite har yanzu suna nan a cikin graphite ko carbonaceous anodes da silicon/SiO mai ɗauke da anodes na gaba.Magance matsalar ci gaban Li dendrite wani kalubale ne da ke da matukar muhimmanci wajen daidaita masana kimiyyar Li-ion masu yawan kuzari a nan gaba.Ya kamata a lura cewa, kwanan nan, an himmatu sosai don magance matsalar samuwar Li dendrite a cikin tsattsauran nau'in ƙarfe na Li-ion ta hanyar daidaita magudanar ruwan Li-ion yayin jigon Li;alal misali, murfin Layer na kariya, injiniya na wucin gadi na SEI, da dai sauransu. A wannan bangare, wasu hanyoyin zasu iya ba da haske kan yadda za a magance matsalar akan anodes na carbonaceous a cikin LIBs kuma.
Multifunctional ruwa electrolytes da separators.Liquite electrolyte da SEPARATOR suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rarraba cathode mai ƙarfi da kuma anode ta jiki.Don haka, gyare-gyaren multifunctional electrolytes da separators na iya ba da kariya ga batura a farkon matakin guduwar baturi (mataki na 1).
Don kare batura daga murkushe injiniyoyi, an sami ɗigon ruwa mai kauri mai ƙarfi ta hanyar ƙara mai sauƙi na silica mai ƙura zuwa carbonate electrolyte (1 M LiFP6 a cikin EC/DMC) .A kan matsa lamba na inji ko tasiri, ruwan yana nuna tasiri mai kauri tare da karuwa a cikin danko, saboda haka yana watsar da tasirin tasirin da kuma nuna juriya ga murkushewa (Hoto 3A)
Hoto 3 Dabaru don warware batutuwan a mataki na 1.
(A) Shear thickening electrolyte.Sama: Don al'ada electrolyte, tasiri na inji zai iya haifar da guntuwar baturi, haifar da gobara da fashewa.A ƙasa: Littafin mai wayo mai wayo tare da tasirin ƙarfi mai ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba ko tasiri yana nuna kyakkyawan haƙuri ga murkushewa, wanda zai iya haɓaka amincin injin batura.(B) Masu rarraba bifunctional don ganowa da wuri na lithium dendrites.Samuwar Dendrite a cikin baturin lithium na gargajiya, inda cikakken shigar mai raba ta hanyar lithium dendrite kawai ake gano lokacin da baturin ya gaza saboda gajeriyar kewayawa na ciki.Idan aka kwatanta, baturin lithium tare da mai raba bifunctional (wanda ya ƙunshi nau'in gudanarwar sandwiched tsakanin masu rarraba na al'ada guda biyu), inda lithium dendrite da ya girma ya shiga cikin mai raba kuma ya yi hulɗa tare da layin jan karfe, wanda ya haifar da raguwa a ciki.VCu-Li, wanda ke aiki azaman gargaɗin gazawar da ke tafe saboda gajeriyar da'ira ta ciki.Koyaya, cikakken baturin yana aiki lafiya tare da yuwuwar sifili.(A) da (B) an daidaita su ko sake bugawa tare da izini daga yanayin Springer.(C) Mai raba Trilayer don cinye Li dendrites masu haɗari da tsawaita rayuwar baturi.Hagu: Lithium anodes na iya samar da adibas na dendritic cikin sauƙi, wanda a hankali zai iya girma girma kuma ya shiga mai raba polymer inert.Lokacin da dendrites a ƙarshe sun haɗa cathode da anode, baturin yana gajeriyar kewayawa kuma ya kasa.Dama: Layer na silica nanoparticles aka sandwiched da yadudduka biyu na kasuwanci separators.Sabili da haka, lokacin da lithium dendrites suka girma kuma suka shiga cikin mai raba, za su tuntuɓi silica nanoparticles a cikin sandwiched Layer kuma a cinye su ta hanyar lantarki.(D) Hoton microscopy na lantarki (SEM) na silica nanoparticle sandwiched separator.(E) Yawan wutar lantarki da bayanin bayanin lokaci na baturi Li/Li tare da mai raba al'ada (ja mai lankwasa) da silica nanoparticle sandwiched trilayer separator (black curve) da aka gwada ƙarƙashin yanayi iri ɗaya.(C), (D), da (E) ana sake bugawa tare da izini daga John Wiley da Sons.(F) Misalin tsari na hanyoyin da ake amfani da su na abin da ake ƙarawa.A kan saman cathode da ya wuce kima, abin da ake ƙara redox yana oxidized zuwa sifa [O], wanda daga baya za a rage shi zuwa matsayinsa na asali [R] akan saman anode ta hanyar yaduwa ta hanyar electrolyte.Za'a iya kiyaye sake zagayowar electrochemical na oxidation-diffusion-rage-diffusion har abada kuma saboda haka yana kulle yuwuwar cathode daga caji mai haɗari.(G) Siffar sinadarai na yau da kullun na abubuwan daɗaɗɗen jigilar jigilar kaya.(H) Injiniyanci na abubuwan da ake kashewa da yawa waɗanda zasu iya yin polymerize ta hanyar lantarki a babban iko.(I) Tsarin sinadarai na yau da kullun na abubuwan daɗaɗɗen cajin kashewa.An jera ƙarfin aiki na abubuwan daɗaɗɗen a ƙarƙashin kowane tsarin kwayoyin halitta a cikin (G), (H), da (I).
Masu rarrabawa na iya yin amfani da lantarki ta hanyar lantarki da cathode da anode kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen lura da yanayin lafiyar baturi a wurin don hana ci gaba da lalacewa mataki na baya 1. Alal misali, wani "bifunctional separator" tare da polymer-metal-polymer trilayer sanyi (Hoto 3B) zai iya samar da sabon aikin jin ƙarfin lantarki.Lokacin da dendrite ya girma kuma ya kai matsakaicin Layer, zai haɗa Layer Layer da anode don haka za a iya gano raguwar ƙarfin lantarki a tsakanin su nan da nan a matsayin fitarwa.
Bayan ganowa, an ƙera na'ura mai rarraba trilayer don cinye haxarin Li dendrites da rage haɓakar su bayan shigar da mai raba.Layer na silica nanoparticles, sandwiched ta biyu yadudduka na kasuwanci polyolefin separators (Hoto 3, C da D), za su iya cinye kowane Li dendrites masu haɗari masu haɗari, don haka inganta amincin baturi.An tsawaita rayuwar batirin da aka kare sosai da kusan sau biyar idan aka kwatanta da wanda ke da masu rarraba na al'ada (Hoto 3E).
Kariyar caji fiye da kima.An ayyana wuce gona da iri a matsayin cajin baturi fiye da yadda aka tsara shi.Za a iya haifar da ƙarin caji ta musamman ta musamman na yanzu, bayanan bayanan caji, da dai sauransu, wanda zai iya haifar da jerin matsaloli, ciki har da (i) ƙaddamar da ƙarfe na Li a kan anode, wanda ke tasiri sosai ga aikin lantarki da aminci na baturi;(ii) lalata kayan cathode, sakin oxygen;da (iii) bazuwar kwayoyin halitta, sakin zafi da samfuran gas (H2, hydrocarbons, CO, da dai sauransu), waɗanda ke da alhakin guduwar thermal.Abubuwan halayen lantarki a lokacin bazuwar suna da rikitarwa, wasu daga cikinsu an jera su a ƙasa.
Alamar alama (*) tana nuna cewa iskar hydrogen ta samo asali ne daga protic, barin ƙungiyoyin da aka samar yayin iskar oxygenation na carbonates a cathode, wanda sannan ya bazu zuwa anode don ragewa kuma ya haifar da H2.
Dangane da bambance-bambancen da ke cikin ayyukansu, za a iya ƙirƙira ƙarin ƙarin cajin kariya azaman ƙari na abin rufewa da ƙari na kashewa.Tsohuwar tana kare tantanin halitta daga cajin da ya wuce kima, yayin da na ƙarshe ya ƙare aikin tantanin halitta na dindindin.
Redox shuttle additives suna aiki ta hanyar lantarki ta hanyar yin watsi da wuce haddi na cajin da aka yi a cikin baturi lokacin da ƙarin caji ya faru.Kamar yadda aka nuna aHoto 3F, Tsarin yana dogara ne akan ƙari na redox wanda ke da yuwuwar oxidation kaɗan kaɗan fiye da na bazuwar anodic na electrolyte.A kan saman cathode da aka yi yawa, abin da ake ƙara redox yana oxidized zuwa sifa [O], wanda daga baya za a rage shi zuwa matsayinsa na asali [R] akan saman anode bayan yaduwa ta hanyar electrolyte.Bayan haka, abin da aka rage zai iya yadawa zuwa ga cathode, kuma za'a iya kiyaye zagayowar electrochemical na "oxidation-disfusion-reduction-diffusion" har abada kuma don haka yana kulle yiwuwar cathode daga ƙarin caji mai haɗari.Nazarin ya nuna cewa yuwuwar redox na abubuwan ƙara yakamata ya kasance kusan 0.3 zuwa 0.4 V sama da yuwuwar cathode.
An haɓaka jerin abubuwan ƙari tare da sifofin sinadarai da aka ƙera da kyau da haɓakar redox, gami da organometallic metallocenes, phenothiazines, triphenylamines, dimethoxybenzenes da abubuwan da suka samo asali, da 2- (pentafluorophenyl) -tetrafluoro-1,3,2-benzodioborole (benzodioborole).Hoto 3G).Ta hanyar daidaita tsarin kwayoyin halitta, za a iya daidaita ƙarfin oxidation mai ƙari zuwa sama da 4 V, wanda ya dace da haɓakar kayan cathode masu ƙarfi da sauri da masu amfani da lantarki.Ƙa'idar ƙira ta ƙunshi sassaukar da mafi girman shagaltar da kewayon kwayoyin halitta na ƙari ta hanyar ƙara abubuwan da za su cire electron, wanda ke haifar da haɓaka yuwuwar iskar oxygen.Bayan abubuwan da ake buƙata na kwayoyin halitta, wasu salts na inorganic, waɗanda ba wai kawai suna iya aiki azaman gishirin electrolyte ba amma kuma suna iya aiki azaman jigila na redox, irin su perfluoroborane cluster salts [wato, lithium fluorododecaborates (Li2B12F).xH12-x)], an kuma gano su zama ingantattun abubuwan ƙarawa na redox.
Abubuwan da ake ƙara ƙarin cajin kashewa aji ne na ƙarin ƙarin cajin da ba za a iya jurewa ba.Suna aiki ko dai ta hanyar fitar da iskar gas a babban fa'ida, wanda, bi da bi, yana kunna na'urar mai katsewa na yanzu, ko kuma ta hanyar polymerizing ta dindindin a babban ƙarfin don ƙare aikin baturi kafin sakamakon bala'i ya faru (Hoto 3H).Misalai na farko sun haɗa da xylene, cyclohexylbenzene, da biphenyl, yayin da misalan na ƙarshe sun haɗa da biphenyl da sauran mahaɗan aromatic da aka maye gurbinsu (Hoto na 3I).Mummunan tasirin abubuwan da ke rufewa har yanzu shine aiki na dogon lokaci da aikin ajiya na LIBs saboda iskar oxygen da ba za a iya jurewa ba na waɗannan mahadi.
Don warware matsalolin a mataki na 2 (tarin zafi da tsarin sakin gas)
Amintattun kayan cathode.Lithium canjin karfe oxides, irin su liCoO2, LiNiO2, da LiMnO2;nau'in oxide na kashin baya LiM2O4;da nau'in polyanion LiFePO4, ana amfani da kayan cathode da yawa, waɗanda, duk da haka, suna da batutuwan aminci musamman a yanayin zafi.Daga cikin su, LiFePO4 mai tsarin olivine yana da lafiya, wanda yake da kwanciyar hankali har zuwa 400 ° C, yayin da LiCoO2 ya fara rubewa a 250 ° C.Dalilin ingantaccen aminci na LiFePO4 shine cewa dukkanin ions oxygen suna samar da haɗin gwiwa mai karfi tare da P5 + don samar da PO43- tetrahedral polyanions, wanda ke daidaita dukkanin tsarin sassa uku da samar da ingantaccen kwanciyar hankali idan aka kwatanta da sauran kayan cathode, ko da yake akwai har yanzu. an samu rahoton hadurran gobarar batir.Babban damuwa na aminci ya taso daga rugujewar waɗannan kayan cathode a yanayin zafi mai tsayi da sakin iskar oxygen lokaci guda, wanda tare na iya haifar da konewa da fashe-fashe, yana lalata amincin baturi.Misali, tsarin lu'ulu'u na liNiO2 oxide mai rufi ba shi da kwanciyar hankali saboda kasancewar Ni2+, girman ionic wanda girmansa yayi kama da na Li+.Matsakaicin LixNiO2 (x< 1) yana ƙoƙarin juyowa zuwa mafi kwanciyar hankali-nau'in nau'in spinel LiNi2O4 (spinel) da nau'in rocksalt-NiO, tare da iskar oxygen da aka saki a cikin ruwa mai lantarki a kusa da 200 ° C, wanda ke haifar da konewar electrolyte.
An yi ƙoƙari sosai don inganta yanayin zafi na waɗannan kayan cathode ta hanyar amfani da zarra da kariya daga saman.
Atom doping na iya ƙara haɓakar yanayin zafi na kayan oxide mai laushi saboda sakamakon ingantaccen tsarin crystal.Za'a iya inganta kwanciyar hankali na thermal na LiNiO2 ko Li1.05Mn1.95O4 ta hanyar maye gurbin Ni ko Mn tare da wasu cations na ƙarfe, kamar Co, Mn, Mg, da Al .Don LiCoO2, ƙaddamar da abubuwan ƙara kuzari da abubuwan haɗaɗɗun abubuwa kamar Ni da Mn na iya haɓaka bazuwar zafin jiki sosai.Tdec, yayin da kuma guje wa halayen electrolyte a babban yanayin zafi.Koyaya, haɓaka a cikin kwanciyar hankali na thermal na cathode gabaɗaya yana zuwa tare da sadaukarwa a cikin takamaiman iya aiki.Don magance wannan matsalar, an ƙirƙiri wani abu mai maida hankali-gradient cathode don batirin lithium mai caji wanda ya dogara da lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide.Hoto 4A) .A cikin wannan abu, kowane barbashi yana da Ni-rich tsakiya girma da wani m-arzikin m Layer, tare da ragewa Ni taro da kuma kara Mn da Co taro kamar yadda ake gabatowa saman (Hoto 4B).Na farko yana ba da babban iko, yayin da na ƙarshe yana inganta kwanciyar hankali na thermal.An nuna wannan sabon abu cathode don inganta amincin batura ba tare da lalata aikinsu na lantarki ba (Hoto 4C).
Hoto 4 Dabaru don warware batutuwan a mataki na 2: Dogaran cathodes.
(A) Jadawalin tsari na ingantaccen barbashi na lantarki mai Ni-rich core kewaye da wani Layer na waje mai maida hankali.Kowane barbashi yana da Ni-arzikin tsakiya mai girma Li (Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1) O2 da Mn-rich Layer na waje [Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1) O2] tare da rage Ni maida hankali da kuma kara mn da Co taro. yayin da ake gabatowa.Na farko yana ba da babban iko, yayin da na ƙarshe yana inganta kwanciyar hankali na thermal.Matsakaicin abun da ke ciki shine Li(Ni0.68Co0.18Mn0.18)O2.Ana kuma nuna ƙaramin micrograph na lantarki na al'ada a hannun dama.(B) Sakamakon microanalysis x-ray-bincike na ƙarshen lithated oxide Li(Ni0.64Co0.18Mn0.18)O2.Canje-canje a hankali na Ni, Mn, da Co a cikin interlayer sun bayyana.Matsakaicin Ni yana raguwa, kuma abubuwan Co da Mn suna ƙaruwa zuwa saman.(C) Daban-daban calorimetry (DSC) burbushi nuna zafi kwarara daga dauki na electrolyte tare da maida hankali-gradient abu Li (Ni0.64Co0.18Mn0.18) O2, da Ni-arziki tsakiyar abu Li (Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0. 1)O2, da Mn-rich Layer na waje [Li (Ni0.46Co0.23Mn0.31) O2].An caje kayan zuwa 4.3 V. (A), (B), da (C) ana sake yin su tare da izini daga yanayin Springer.(D) Hagu: Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙa ) ya yi na AlPO4 nanoparticle-mai rufi LiCoO2;makamashi watsawa x-ray spectrometry yana tabbatar da abubuwan Al da P a cikin rufin rufi.Dama: Hoton TEM mai girma yana nuna AlPO4 nanoparticles (~ 3 nm a diamita) a cikin nanoscale shafi Layer;Kibiyoyin suna nuna ma'amala tsakanin Layer AlPO4 da LiCoO2.(E) Hagu: Hoton tantanin halitta mai ɗauke da sinadari na LiCoO2 cathode bayan gwajin cajin 12-V.Tantanin halitta ya ƙone ya fashe a wannan ƙarfin lantarki.Dama: Hoton tantanin halitta mai ɗauke da AlPO4 nanoparticle-mai rufi LiCoO2 bayan gwajin cajin 12-V.(D) da (E) ana sake bugawa tare da izini daga John Wiley da Sons.
Wata dabara don inganta kwanciyar hankali na thermal shine a rufe kayan cathode tare da kariyar bakin ciki mai karewa na barga mai ƙarfi na Li + yana gudanar da mahadi, wanda zai iya hana haɗin kai tsaye na kayan cathode tare da electrolyte kuma don haka rage halayen gefe da haɓakar zafi.Rubutun na iya zama ko dai fina-finai na inorganic [alal misali, ZnO, Al2O3, AlPO4, AlF3, da dai sauransu], wanda zai iya gudanar da Li ions bayan an lithiated (Hoto 4, D da E), ko fina-finai na kwayoyin halitta, irin su poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) , fina-finai masu kariya da aka kafa ta hanyar γ-butyrolactone additives, da multicomponent additives (wanda ya ƙunshi vinylene carbonate, 1,3-propylene sulfite, da dimethylacetamide) .
Gabatar da sutura tare da ingantaccen yanayin zafin jiki kuma yana da tasiri don haɓaka amincin cathode.Misali, poly (3-decylthiophene) -mai rufi LiCoO2 cathodes na iya rufe halayen electrochemical da halayen gefe da zarar zafin jiki ya tashi har zuwa> 80 ° C, kamar yadda Layer polymer Layer na iya canzawa da sauri zuwa yanayin juriya.Rubutun oligomers masu cin gashin kansu tare da tsarin gine-gine masu girman gaske kuma na iya aiki azaman shinge mai ɗaukar zafi don rufe baturin daga gefen cathode.
Mai tarawa na yanzu mai saurin zafi.Kashe halayen electrochemical yayin ƙaruwar zafin baturi a mataki na 2 na iya hana zafin ƙara yadda ya kamata.An haɗa canjin polymer mai sauri da mai jujjuyawa (TRPS) a ciki cikin mai tarawa na yanzu (Hoto 5A) .Fim ɗin bakin ciki na TRPS ya ƙunshi ɓangarorin graphene-mai rufi spiky nanostructured nickel (GrNi) barbashi azaman filler mai sarrafawa da matrix PE tare da babban ƙimar haɓakar thermal (α ~ 10−4 K-1).Fina-finan da aka ƙera polymer ɗin da aka ƙera suna nuna babban ƙarfin aiki (σ) a cikin zafin jiki, amma lokacin da zafin jiki ya kusanci zafin jiki na canzawa (Ts), tafiyar da aiki yana raguwa a cikin 1 s da umarni bakwai zuwa takwas na girma sakamakon haɓaka ƙarar polymer, wanda ke raba sassan gudanarwa kuma ya karya hanyoyin gudanarwa (Hoto 5B).Fim ɗin nan take ya zama insulating kuma ta haka ya ƙare aikin baturi (Hoto 5C).Wannan tsari yana da matukar jujjuyawa kuma yana iya aiki ko da bayan al'amuran da suka shafi zafi da yawa ba tare da lalata aikin ba.
Hoto na 5 Dabaru don warware batutuwan a mataki na 2.
(A) Misalin tsari na tsarin sauya yanayin zafi na mai tarawa na yanzu na TRPS.Amintaccen baturi yana da masu tarawa guda ɗaya ko biyu wanda aka lulluɓe da sirin TRPS.Yana aiki kullum a yanayin zafi.Duk da haka, a yanayin zafi mai girma ko babban halin yanzu, matrix polymer yana faɗaɗawa, ta haka ne ke raba ɓangarorin gudanarwa, wanda zai iya rage ƙarfin aiki, yana ƙara ƙarfin ƙarfinsa da kashe baturin.Tsarin baturi don haka ana iya kiyaye shi ba tare da lalacewa ba.A kan sanyaya, polymer yana raguwa kuma ya dawo da ainihin hanyoyin gudanarwa.(B) Canje-canje na juriya na fina-finai na TRPS daban-daban a matsayin aikin zafin jiki, ciki har da PE / GrNi tare da nauyin GrNi daban-daban da PP / GrNi tare da nauyin 30% (v / v) na GrNi.(C) Takaitacciyar ƙarfin ƙarfin batirin LiCoO2 mai aminci tsakanin 25°C da rufewa.Ƙarfin kusa-sifili a 70°C yana nuna cikakken rufewa.(A), (B), da (C) ana sake bugawa tare da izini daga dabi'ar Springer.(D) Wakilin tsari na tushen rufewa na tushen microspher don LIBs.Electrodes suna aiki tare da ma'aunin zafi da sanyio wanda, sama da matsanancin zafin baturi na ciki, ana samun canjin yanayin zafi (narke).Narkar da capsules ɗin suna rufe saman lantarki, suna kafa shinge mai hana ruwa da kuma rufe tantanin baturi.(E) An shirya wani sirara mai ƙarfi da kai tsaye wanda ya ƙunshi barbashi na alumina 94% da 6% styrene-butadiene roba (SBR) mai ɗaure ta hanyar hanyar simintin simintin.Dama: Hotunan da ke nuna yanayin kwanciyar hankali na mahaɗar haɗaɗɗen inorganic da mai raba PE.An gudanar da masu rarrabawa a 130 ° C na minti 40.PE yana raguwa sosai daga yankin tare da murabba'in dige-dige.Duk da haka, mai raba abubuwan da aka haɗa bai nuna raguwa a fili ba.Sake bugawa tare da izini daga Elsevier.(F) Tsarin kwayoyin halitta na wasu polymers zafin jiki masu narkewa a matsayin kayan rabuwa tare da raguwar matsanancin zafi.Babban: polyimide (PI).Tsakiya: cellulose.Kasa: poly (butylene) terephthalate.(G) Hagu: Kwatanta yanayin DSC na PI tare da mai raba PE da PP;Mai raba PI yana nuna kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali na thermal a kewayon zafin jiki daga 30 ° zuwa 275 ° C.Dama: Hotunan kyamara na dijital suna kwatanta wettability na mai raba kasuwanci da mai raba PI kamar yadda aka haɗa tare da propylene carbonate electrolyte.An sake bugawa tare da izini daga Ƙungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Amirka.
Thermal rufe separators.Wata dabarar hana batura gudu daga zafin rana a lokacin mataki na 2 shine rufe hanyar sarrafa Li ions ta hanyar na'ura.Masu rarraba su ne mahimman abubuwan haɗin gwiwa don amincin LIBs, yayin da suke hana haɗin wutar lantarki kai tsaye tsakanin cathode mai ƙarfi da kayan anode yayin ba da izinin jigilar ionic.PP da PE sune kayan da aka fi amfani dasu, amma suna da rashin kwanciyar hankali na thermal, tare da abubuwan narkewa na ~ 165 ° da ~ 135 ° C, bi da bi.Don LIB na kasuwanci, an riga an yi ciniki da masu raba tare da tsarin trilayer PP/PE/PP, inda PE ke zama tsaka-tsaki mai karewa.Lokacin da zafin jiki na ciki na baturi ya karu sama da zafin jiki mai mahimmanci (~ 130 ° C), Layer PE mai laushi ya narke, rufe pores na fim da kuma hana ƙaura na ions a cikin electrolyte na ruwa, yayin da PP Layer yana ba da tallafin injiniya don kauce wa ciki. gajere .A madadin haka, ana iya samun nasarar rufewar LIB ta thermally ta amfani da PE mai zafi ko paraffin wax microspheres azaman kariyar kariyar anodes na baturi ko masu rarrabawa.Lokacin da zafin baturi na ciki ya kai ga ƙima mai mahimmanci, ƙananan microspheres suna narke kuma su rufe anode/separator tare da shinge mara madaidaici, dakatar da jigilar Li-ion da rufe tantanin halitta har abada (Hoto na 5D).
Separators tare da high thermal kwanciyar hankali.Don inganta yanayin zafi na masu raba baturi, an ɓullo da hanyoyi biyu a cikin shekaru da yawa da suka gabata:
(1) Ƙwararrun haɓakar yumbu, ƙirƙira ko dai ta hanyar rufin kai tsaye ko haɓakar saman saman yadudduka na yumbu kamar SiO2 da Al2O3 akan filayen polyolefin na yanzu ko ta hanyar samun yumbu foda da aka saka a cikin kayan polymeric.Hoto 5E) , suna nuna maki masu narkewa sosai da ƙarfin injina kuma suna da ƙarancin ƙarancin zafi.An yi ciniki da wasu masu raba gardama da aka ƙirƙira ta wannan dabarar, kamar su Separion (sunan ciniki).
(2) Canza kayan mai raba daga polyolefin zuwa polymers mai zafi mai narkewa tare da ƙananan raguwa akan dumama, kamar polyimide, cellulose, poly (butylene) terephthalate, da sauran poly (esters), wani ingantaccen dabarun inganta kwanciyar hankali na thermal. na separators (Hoto 5F).Misali, polyimide shine polymer thermosetting wanda aka fi sani da shi azaman madadin mai ban sha'awa saboda kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali na thermal (bargawar sama da 400 ° C), kyakkyawan juriya na sinadarai, ƙarfin ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, ƙarancin wutar lantarki mai kyau, da jinkirin harshen wuta.Hoto 5G) .
Fakitin baturi tare da aikin sanyaya.An yi amfani da tsarin sarrafa zafin jiki na sikelin na'ura ta hanyar kewayawar iska ko sanyaya ruwa don inganta aikin baturi da rage yawan zafin jiki.Bugu da ƙari, an haɗa kayan canjin lokaci kamar paraffin wax a cikin fakitin baturi don yin aiki a matsayin matattarar zafi don daidaita yanayin zafin su, don haka guje wa cin zarafi.
Don warware matsalolin a mataki na 3 (konewa da fashewa)
Heat, oxygen, da man fetur, da aka sani da "triangle wuta," sune abubuwan da ake bukata don yawancin gobara.Tare da tarin zafi da iskar oxygen da aka samar yayin matakai na 1 da 2, man fetur (wato, masu ƙonewa masu ƙonewa) za su fara ƙonewa kai tsaye.Rage ƙonewa na abubuwan kaushi na electrolyte yana da mahimmanci don amincin baturi da ƙarin aikace-aikace masu girma na LIBs.
Additives masu hana harshen wuta.An sadaukar da yunƙurin bincike don haɓaka abubuwan da ke hana harshen wuta don rage ƙonewar wutan lantarki.Yawancin abubuwan da ke hana harshen wuta da ake amfani da su a cikin ruwa masu lantarki sun dogara ne akan mahadi na phosphorus ko mahaɗan halogenated.Kamar yadda halogens ke da haɗari ga muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam, mahadi na phosphorus sun fi zama 'yan takara masu ban sha'awa a matsayin abubuwan da ke hana harshen wuta saboda girman ƙarfinsu na hana wuta da kuma abokantaka na muhalli.Hankula kwayoyin phosphorus mahadi sun hada da trimethyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, bis (2-methoxyethoxy) methylallylphosphonate, tris (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite, (ethoxy) pentafluorocyclotriphosphazene, ethylene ethyl phosphate, da dai sauransu.Hoto 6A).Hanyar da ke haifar da jinkirin harshen wuta na waɗannan mahadi masu ɗauke da phosphorus gabaɗaya an yi imani da shi azaman tsari ne na ɓarna sinadarai.A lokacin konewa, kwayoyin da ke dauke da phosphorus na iya rushewa zuwa nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) konewa na konewa, wanda zai iya kawo karshen radicals (misali, H da OH radicals) da aka haifar a lokacin yaduwar sarkar da ke da alhakin ci gaba da konewa.Hoto 6, B da C).Abin baƙin ciki shine, raguwar ƙonewa tare da ƙari na waɗannan abubuwan da ke dauke da harshen wuta mai dauke da phosphorus yana zuwa ne ta hanyar aikin lantarki.Don inganta wannan ciniki, wasu masu bincike sun yi wasu gyare-gyare ga tsarin kwayoyin su: (i) fluorination na alkyl phosphates na wani ɓangare na alkyl phosphates na iya inganta kwanciyar hankali da kuma tasirin su na harshen wuta;(ii) yin amfani da mahadi da ke da nau'i-nau'i na fim masu kariya da kuma kaddarorin kashe wuta, irin su bis (2-methoxyethoxy) methylallylphosphonate, inda ƙungiyoyin allylic zasu iya yin polymerize da samar da wani barga na SEI fim a kan graphite saman, don haka yadda ya kamata hana m gefe. halayen;(iii) canza P (V) phosphate zuwa P (III) phosphites, wanda ke sauƙaƙe samuwar SEI kuma suna iya kashe PF5 mai haɗari [alal misali, tris (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite];da (iv) maye gurbin organophosphorus additives da cyclic phosphazenes, musamman fluorinated cyclophosphazene, wanda ya inganta electrochemical karfinsu.
Hoto 6 Dabaru don warware batutuwan a mataki na 3.
(A) Nau'in tsarin kwayoyin halitta na abubuwan da ke hana wuta.(B) Hanyoyin da ke haifar da jinkirin harshen wuta na waɗannan mahadi masu ƙunshe da phosphorus gabaɗaya ana yarda da su zama wani tsari ne na tsattsauran ra'ayi, wanda zai iya kawo ƙarshen halayen sarkar da ke haifar da konewa a lokacin iskar gas.TPP, triphenyl phosphate.(C) Lokacin kashe kai (SET) na al'ada carbonate electrolyte za a iya rage muhimmanci tare da ƙari na triphenyl phosphate.(D) Tsare-tsare na mai raba wutar lantarki mai “wayo” tare da kaddarorin da ke haifar da zafin wuta don LIBs.Mai rarraba mai kyauta yana kunshe da microfibers tare da tsari mai mahimmanci, inda wutar lantarki shine ainihin kuma polymer shine harsashi.Bayan tashin zafi, harsashi na polymer ya narke sannan kuma ana fitar da abin da ke damun harshen wuta a cikin wutar lantarki, don haka yadda ya kamata yana danne kunnawa da kona na'urorin lantarki.(E) Hoton SEM na TPP@PVDF-HFP microfibers bayan etching yana nuna a sarari tsarin su na harsashi.Matsakaicin girman, 5 μm.(F) Tsarin kwayoyin halitta na ruwan zafi na dakin da aka yi amfani da su azaman electrolytes marasa ƙonewa don LIBs.(G) Tsarin kwayoyin halitta na PFPE, PEO analog perfluorinated mara ƙonewa.Rukunin carbonate methyl carbonate an canza su akan tashoshi na sarƙoƙi na polymer don tabbatar da dacewar ƙwayoyin cuta tare da tsarin baturi na yanzu.
Ya kamata a lura cewa akwai ko da yaushe wani ciniki-kashe tsakanin rage flammability na electrolyte da cell yi ga Additives da aka jera, ko da yake an inganta wannan sulhu ta hanyar da kwayoyin kayayyaki na sama.Wata dabarar da aka ba da shawarar don magance wannan matsalar ta haɗa da haɗa wutar lantarki a cikin harsashi na polymer na microfibers masu karewa, waɗanda aka ƙara tattara su don samar da mai raba kayan da ba a saka ba.Hoto na 6D) .Wani sabon labari na electrospun mai raba microfiber mara saka tare da kaddarorin da ke haifar da zafin wuta an ƙirƙira don LIBs.Ƙunƙarar mai ɗaukar wuta a cikin harsashin polymer mai kariya yana hana bayyanar da wutar lantarki kai tsaye zuwa electrolyte, yana hana mummunan tasiri daga masu retardants akan aikin lantarki na baturi (Hoto 6E).Koyaya, idan guduwar zafin baturin LIB ya faru, harsashi poly(vinylidenefluoride-hexafluoro propylene) copolymer (PVDF-HFP) zai narke yayin da zafin jiki ya ƙaru.Sa'an nan kuma za a sake daɗaɗɗen mai ɗaukar wuta na triphenyl phosphate a cikin electrolyte, don haka yadda ya kamata ya danne konewar electrolytes masu ƙonewa sosai.
An kuma ɓullo da wani ra'ayi na "gishiri mai tattara electrolyte" don warware wannan matsala.Wadannan kwayoyin halitta masu kashe wuta don batura masu caji sun ƙunshi LiN(SO2F) 2 a matsayin gishiri da kuma sanannen harshen wuta na trimethyl phosphate (TMP) a matsayin kaushi kaɗai.Samuwar ba zato ba tsammani na inorganic SEI mai ƙarfi wanda aka samu gishiri akan anode yana da mahimmanci don ingantaccen aikin sinadaran lantarki.Wannan sabon dabarar za a iya faɗaɗawa zuwa wasu masu kare wuta daban-daban kuma yana iya buɗe sabuwar hanya don haɓaka sabbin abubuwan da ke hana harshen wuta don mafi aminci LIBs.
Nonflammable ruwa electrolytes.Mafita ta ƙarshe ga lamuran aminci na electrolyte shine haɓaka abubuwan da ba za a iya ƙone su ba.Ɗaya daga cikin rukuni na abubuwan da ba za a iya ƙonewa ba wanda aka yi nazari sosai shine ruwa na ionic, musamman ma'aunin zafin jiki na ion ruwa, waɗanda ba su da ƙarfi (babu matsa lamba a ƙasa 200 ° C) kuma maras iya ƙonewa kuma suna da taga zafin jiki mai fadi (Hoto 6F) .Koyaya, ana buƙatar ci gaba da bincike don warware batutuwan ƙarancin ƙarfin ƙimar da ya taso daga babban danko, ƙarancin canja wurin Li, rashin kwanciyar hankali ko rashin kwanciyar hankali, da tsadar ruwa mai ion.
Low-molecular nauyi hydrofluoroethers wani nau'in nonflammable ruwa electrolytes saboda su high ko babu flash batu, nonflammability, low surface tashin hankali, low danko, low daskarewa zafin jiki, da dai sauransu.Yakamata a yi kyakyawar tsarin kwayoyin halitta don daidaita kaddarorin sinadarai don biyan ma'auni na electrolytes baturi.Wani misali mai ban sha'awa wanda aka ba da rahoton kwanan nan shine perfluoropolyether (PFPE), wani nau'in polyethylene oxide (PEO) mai kaifi wanda aka sani da rashin ƙarfi (Hoto 6G) .An canza ƙungiyoyin methyl carbonate guda biyu akan ƙungiyoyin ƙarshen sarƙoƙi na PFPE (PFPE-DMC) don tabbatar da dacewa da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta tare da tsarin baturi na yanzu.Don haka, rashin ƙarfi da kwanciyar hankali na thermal na PFPEs na iya haɓaka amincin LIBs sosai yayin haɓaka lambar canja wurin electrolyte saboda ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar ƙwayar cuta ta musamman.
Mataki na 3 shine mataki na ƙarshe amma musamman mahimmin mataki don tsarin gudu na thermal.Ya kamata a lura da cewa, duk da cewa an himmatu sosai don rage ƙona wuta na zamani, amma yin amfani da ƙwanƙwaran lantarki masu ƙarfi waɗanda ba sa canzawa ya nuna babban alkawari.M electrolytes yafi fada kashi biyu Categories: inorganic yumbu electrolytes [sulfides, oxides, nitrides, phosphates, da dai sauransu] da kuma m polymer electrolytes [gaurayar Li salts da polymers, irin su poly (ethylene oxide), polyacrylonitrile, da dai sauransu.] .Ƙoƙarin inganta ingantaccen electrolytes ba za a yi cikakken bayani a nan ba, saboda an riga an taƙaita wannan batu a cikin sake dubawa da yawa.
HANKALI
A baya, an ƙirƙira kayan litattafai da yawa don inganta amincin baturi, kodayake har yanzu ba a warware matsalar gaba ɗaya ba.Bugu da kari, hanyoyin da ke tattare da matsalolin tsaro sun bambanta ga kowane nau'in sinadarai na baturi daban-daban.Don haka, ya kamata a tsara takamaiman kayan da aka kera don batura daban-daban.Mun yi imanin cewa hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa da kayan da aka ƙera sun kasance don gano su.Anan, mun lissafta kwatance da yawa masu yiwuwa don binciken amincin baturi na gaba.
Na farko, yana da mahimmanci don haɓakawa a wurin ko a cikin hanyoyin operando don ganowa da saka idanu yanayin lafiyar ciki na LIBs.Misali, tsarin gudu na thermal yana da alaƙa da kusanci da zafin jiki na ciki ko karuwa a cikin LIBs.Koyaya, rarraba zafin jiki a cikin batura yana da wahala sosai, kuma ana buƙatar hanyoyin don sa ido daidai da ƙimar abubuwan lantarki da na'urorin lantarki, da masu rarrabawa.Don haka, samun damar auna waɗannan sigogi don sassa daban-daban yana da mahimmanci don ganowa da haka hana haɗarin amincin baturi.
Tsayin yanayin zafi na masu rarrabawa yana da mahimmanci don amincin baturi.Sabbin gyare-gyaren polymers tare da manyan abubuwan narkewa suna da tasiri wajen haɓaka ƙimar zafin jiki na masu rarrabawa.Duk da haka, kayan aikin injiniyan su har yanzu sun yi ƙasa da ƙasa, suna rage ƙarfin aiwatar da su yayin taron baturi.Bugu da ƙari, farashin kuma muhimmin abu ne wanda ya kamata a yi la'akari da shi don aikace-aikace masu amfani.
Haɓaka ƙwaƙƙwaran electrolytes alama shine mafita na ƙarshe don lamuran aminci na LIBs.Daskararrun electrolyte zai rage yiwuwar gajartar batir na ciki, tare da haɗarin gobara da fashe-fashe.Ko da yake an himmantu sosai don ci gaban ƙwaƙƙwaran electrolytes, ayyukansu na ci gaba da yin nisa a baya na na'urorin lantarki.Abubuwan da aka haɗa na inorganic da polymer electrolytes suna nuna babban yuwuwar, amma suna buƙatar ƙira mai laushi da shiri.Mun jaddada cewa ƙirar da ta dace na inorganic-polymer musaya da aikin injiniya na daidaita su suna da mahimmanci don ingantaccen jigilar Li-ion.
Ya kamata a lura da cewa ruwa electrolyte ba shine kawai bangaren baturi da ke ƙonewa ba.Misali, lokacin da aka caje LIBs sosai, kayan anode masu ƙonewa (misali, graphite mai ɗorewa) suma babban damuwa ne na aminci.Masu riƙe da wuta waɗanda za su iya dagewa da kyau ga gobarar kayan ƙasa ana buƙata sosai don ƙara amincin su.Za a iya gauraya masu kashe wuta tare da graphite a cikin nau'i na polymer binders ko tsarin gudanarwa.
Amintaccen baturi matsala ce mai rikitarwa kuma mai rikitarwa.Makomar amincin baturi yana buƙatar ƙarin ƙoƙari a cikin mahimman binciken injiniyoyi don zurfin fahimta ban da ƙarin hanyoyin siffantawa, waɗanda zasu iya ba da ƙarin bayani don jagorantar ƙirar kayan.Ko da yake wannan Bita yana mai da hankali kan amincin matakin kayan, ya kamata a lura cewa ana buƙatar cikakkiyar hanya don warware matsalar aminci na LIBs, inda kayan, sassan cell da tsari, da tsarin baturi da fakiti suna taka rawa daidai don tabbatar da amincin batura a gabanin. ana sake su kasuwa.
NASARA DA BAYANI
Kai Liu.
Lokacin aikawa: Juni-05-2021
