Batirin lithium-ion ko baturin Li-ion (wanda aka gajarta da LIB) nau'in baturi ne mai caji.Ana amfani da batirin lithium-ion don na'urorin lantarki masu ɗaukar nauyi da motocin lantarki kuma suna girma cikin shahara don aikace-aikacen soja da na sararin samaniya.Akira Yoshino ne ya ƙera wani samfurin Li-ion baturi a cikin 1985, bisa binciken farko da John Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, Rachid Yazami da Koichi Mizushima suka yi a shekarun 1970-1980, sannan wani baturin Li-ion na kasuwanci ya ƙirƙira ta hanyar wani kamfani. Ƙungiyar Sony da Asahi Kasei karkashin jagorancin Yoshio Nishi a cikin 1991. A cikin 2019, An ba da kyautar Nobel a Chemistry ga Yoshino, Goodenough, da Whittingham "don haɓaka batura na lithium ion".

A cikin batura, ions lithium suna motsawa daga gurɓataccen lantarki ta hanyar lantarki zuwa ingantaccen lantarki yayin fitarwa, da baya lokacin caji.Batura Li-ion suna amfani da mahaɗin lithium mai tsaka-tsaki a matsayin kayan da ke cikin ingantacciyar lantarki da yawanci graphite a mummunan lantarki.Batura suna da babban ƙarfin kuzari, babu tasirin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya (ban da ƙwayoyin LFP) da ƙarancin fitar da kai.Duk da haka suna iya zama haɗari na aminci tun da suna ɗauke da ƙwayoyin lantarki masu ƙonewa, kuma idan lalacewa ko cajin da ba daidai ba zai iya haifar da fashewa da gobara.An tilasta wa Samsung sake kiran wayar hannu ta Galaxy Note 7 biyo bayan gobarar lithium-ion, kuma an samu aukuwar al'amura da dama da suka shafi batura kan Boeing 787.

Chemistry, aiki, farashi da halayen aminci sun bambanta a cikin nau'ikan LIB.Na'urorin lantarki na hannu galibi suna amfani da batirin lithium polymer (tare da gel ɗin polymer azaman electrolyte) tare da lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) azaman kayan cathode, wanda ke ba da yawan kuzari, amma yana gabatar da haɗarin aminci, musamman lokacin lalacewa.Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4, Li2MnO3, ko LMO), da lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (LiNiMnCoO2 ko NMC) suna ba da ƙarancin ƙarfin kuzari amma tsawon rai da ƙarancin yuwuwar wuta ko fashewa.Ana amfani da irin waɗannan batura don kayan aikin lantarki, kayan aikin likita, da sauran ayyuka.Ana amfani da NMC da abubuwan da suka samo asali a cikin motocin lantarki.

Wuraren bincike don batirin lithium-ion sun haɗa da tsawaita rayuwa, ƙara yawan kuzari, inganta aminci, rage farashi, da haɓaka saurin caji, da sauransu.An gudanar da bincike a cikin wuraren da ba za a iya ƙone wuta ba a matsayin hanyar da za ta ƙara aminci dangane da flammability da rashin ƙarfi na abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cikin na'urar lantarki.Dabarun sun haɗa da batura lithium-ion mai ruwa, yumbu mai ƙarfi electrolytes, polymer electrolytes, ruwa mai ion, da kuma tsarin dumama ruwa.

Baturi da tantanin halitta

Tantanin halitta shine ainihin naúrar electrochemical wanda ke ƙunshe da na'urorin lantarki, masu rarrabawa, da electrolyte.

Baturi ko fakitin baturi tarin sel ne ko taruwa, tare da gidaje, haɗin lantarki, da yuwuwar na'urorin lantarki don sarrafawa da kariya.

Anode da cathode lantarki
Don sel masu caji, kalmar anode (ko electrode mara kyau) tana bayyana lantarki inda iskar oxygen ke faruwa yayin zagayowar fitarwa;da sauran lantarki ne cathode (ko tabbatacce lantarki).A lokacin zagayowar caji, tabbataccen lantarki ya zama anode kuma mummunan lantarki ya zama cathode.Ga yawancin ƙwayoyin lithium-ion, lantarki na lithium-oxide shine tabbataccen lantarki;ga titanate lithium-ion Kwayoyin (LTO), da lithium-oxide electrode ne korau electrode.

Tarihi

Fage

Varta lithium-ion baturi, Museum Autovision, Altlussheim, Jamus
Masanin kimiyyar sinadarai na Burtaniya kuma wanda ya karɓi kyautar Nobel ta 2019 don ilmin sunadarai M. Stanley Whittingham, yanzu a Jami'ar Binghamton ne ya gabatar da batir ɗin lithium, yayin da yake aiki da Exxon a cikin 1970s.Whittingham ya yi amfani da titanium (IV) sulfide da ƙarfe lithium a matsayin lantarki.Koyaya, wannan baturin lithium mai caji ba zai taɓa zama mai amfani ba.Titanium disulfide zaɓi ne mara kyau, tunda dole ne a haɗa shi a ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan rufe gabaɗaya, kuma yana da tsada sosai (~ $ 1,000 a kowace kilogiram don albarkatun disulfide na titanium a cikin 1970s).Lokacin da aka fallasa shi zuwa iska, titanium disulfide yana amsawa don samar da mahaɗan hydrogen sulfide, waɗanda ke da wari mara daɗi kuma masu guba ga yawancin dabbobi.Don wannan, da wasu dalilai, Exxon ya daina haɓaka batirin lithium-titanium disulfide na Whittingham.[28]Batura tare da na'urorin lantarki na ƙarfe na lithium sun gabatar da batutuwan aminci, yayin da ƙarfen lithium ke amsawa da ruwa, yana fitar da iskar hydrogen mai flammable.Sakamakon haka, bincike ya motsa don haɓaka batura waɗanda, maimakon lithium na ƙarfe, mahadi na lithium kawai ke nan, suna da ikon karɓa da sakin ions lithium.

An gano jujjuyawar juzu'i a cikin graphite da haɗin kai cikin oxides na cathodic a lokacin 1974-76 ta JO Besenhard a TU Munich.Besenhard ya ba da shawarar aikace-aikacen sa a cikin ƙwayoyin lithium.Bazuwar wutar lantarki da haɗin gwiwar sauran ƙarfi cikin graphite sun kasance mummunan koma baya ga farkon rayuwar batir.

Ci gaba

1973 - Adam Heller ya ba da shawarar baturin lithium thionyl chloride, wanda har yanzu ana amfani dashi a cikin na'urorin kiwon lafiya da aka dasa da kuma a cikin tsarin tsaro inda mafi girma na tsawon shekaru 20, yawan makamashi mai yawa, da/ko haƙuri ga matsanancin yanayin zafi ana buƙatar.
1977 - Samar Basu ya nuna ma'amalar electrochemical na lithium a cikin graphite a Jami'ar Pennsylvania.Wannan ya haifar da haɓaka na'urar lantarki mai tsaka-tsakin lithium mai haɗaɗɗiyar graphite mai aiki a Bell Labs (LiC6) don samar da madadin baturin lantarki na ƙarfe na lithium.
1979 - Yin aiki a ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, Ned A. Godshall et al., Kuma, ba da daɗewa ba, John B. Goodenough (Jami'ar Oxford) da Koichi Mizushima (Jami'ar Tokyo), sun nuna kwayar lithium mai caji tare da ƙarfin lantarki a cikin 4 V ta amfani da lithium. cobalt dioxide (LiCoO2) a matsayin tabbataccen lantarki da ƙarfe lithium a matsayin gurɓataccen lantarki.Wannan ƙirƙira ta samar da ingantaccen kayan lantarki wanda ya kunna batir lithium na farko na kasuwanci.LiCoO2 tabbataccen abu ne mai ƙarfi na lantarki wanda ke aiki azaman mai ba da gudummawa na ions lithium, wanda ke nufin ana iya amfani da shi da wani abu mara kyau na lantarki banda ƙarfe na lithium.Ta hanyar ba da damar yin amfani da barga da sauƙin sarrafa kayan lantarki mara kyau, LiCoO2 ya ba da damar tsarin batir mai cajin labari.Godshall et al.kara gano irin wannan darajar na ternary fili lithium-transition karfe-oxides kamar spinel LiMn2O4, Li2MnO3, LiMnO2, LiFeO2, LiFe5O8, da LiFe5O4 (da kuma daga baya lithium-copper-oxide da lithium-nickel-oxide cathode kayan a 1985).
1980 - Rachid Yazami ya nuna jujjuyawar ma'amalar electrochemical na lithium a cikin graphite, kuma ya ƙirƙira na'urar lantarki ta lithium graphite (anode).Na'urorin lantarki da ake samu a lokacin za su ruɓe yayin caji tare da na'urar lantarki mara kyau na graphite.Yazami ya yi amfani da ƙwaƙƙarfan electrolyte don nuna cewa lithium za a iya jujjuya shi a cikin graphite ta hanyar injin lantarki.Tun daga shekarar 2011, na'urar graphite ta Yazami ita ce lantarki da aka fi amfani da ita a cikin batirin lithium-ion na kasuwanci.
Wutar lantarki mara kyau ta samo asali ne daga PAS (kayan polyacenic semiconductive abu) wanda Tokio Yamabe ya gano sannan daga baya Shjzukuni Yata ya gano a farkon 1980s.Irin wannan fasaha shi ne binciken da Farfesa Hideki Shirakawa da kungiyarsa suka yi na sarrafa polymers, kuma ana iya ganin an fara ne daga batirin lithium ion polyacetylene wanda Alan MacDiarmid da Alan J. Heeger et al suka kirkira.
1982 - Godshall et al.An ba da lambar yabo ta US Patent 4,340,652 don amfani da LiCoO2 a matsayin cathodes a cikin batura lithium, bisa ga Jami'ar Godshall Stanford Ph.D.dissertation da 1979 wallafe-wallafe.
1983 – Michael M. Thackeray, Peter Bruce, William David, da John Goodenough sun ɓullo da kashin manganese a matsayin abin da ya dace da cajin cathode na baturan lithium-ion.
1985 - Akira Yoshino ya harhada wani samfuri tantanin halitta ta amfani da kayan carbonaceous wanda za'a iya saka ions lithium a matsayin lantarki ɗaya, da lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) a matsayin ɗayan.Wannan ya inganta aminci sosai.LiCoO2 ya ba da damar samar da sikelin masana'antu kuma ya ba da damar baturin lithium-ion na kasuwanci.
1989 - Arumugam Manthiram da John B. Goodenough sun gano nau'in polyanion na cathodes.Sun nuna cewa ingantattun na'urorin lantarki masu ɗauke da polyanions, misali, sulfates, suna samar da mafi girman ƙarfin lantarki fiye da oxides saboda tasirin inductive na polyanion.Wannan ajin polyanion ya ƙunshi abubuwa kamar lithium iron phosphate.

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